Quantum Measurement in Electric Circuit
نویسندگان
چکیده
We study fluctuations of electric current in a quantum resistor and derive a general quantum-mechanical formula for the distribution of transmitted charge. For that we introduce a scheme of current measurement that involves a spin 1/2 coupled to the current so that it precesses at the rate proportional to the current. Our approach allows the study of charge transfer without breaking the circuit. We analyze a single channel conductor and derive electron counting statistics for arbitrary relation between temperature and voltage. For a perfectly transmitting channel the counting distribution is gaussian, both for zero-point fluctuations and at finite temperature. At constant voltage and low temperature the distribution is binomial, i.e., it arises from Bernoulli statistics. PACS numbers: 72.10.Bg, 73.50.Fq, 73.50.Td Typeset using REVTEX
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